Three-Dimensional In Vivo Imaging of the Murine Liver: A Micro-Computed Tomography-Based Anatomical Study

Various murine models are currently used to study acute and chronic pathological processes of the liver, and the efficacy of novel therapeutic regimens. The increasing availability of high-resolution small animal imaging modalities presents researchers with the opportunity to precisely identify and describe pathological processes of the liver. To meet the demands, the objective of this study was to provide a three-dimensional illustration of the macroscopic anatomical location of the murine liver lobes and hepatic vessels using small animal imaging modalities. We analysed micro-CT images of the murine liver by integrating additional information from the published literature to develop comprehensive illustrations of the macroscopic anatomical features of the murine liver and hepatic vasculature. As a result, we provide updated three-dimensional illustrations of the macroscopic anatomy of the murine liver and hepatic vessels using micro-CT. The information presented here provides researchers working in the field of experimental liver disease with a comprehensive, easily accessable overview of the macroscopic anatomy of the murine liver

Characterisation of interacting proteins of the renal ATP- dependent potassium channel ROMK

ROMK ist ein einwärts-gleichrichtender Kaliumkanal, der hauptsächlich in der Niere exprimiert wird. Er wird dabei vor allem in der apikalen Membran des aufsteigenden Astes der Henleschen Schleife, dem distalen Tubulus und dem Sammelrohr exprimiert. Die Hauptaufgaben von ROMK bestehen in der Rezirkulation von Kalium im dicken aufsteigenden Ast der Henleschen Schleife und der Kaliumsekretion im kortikalen Sammelrohr. ROMK wurde kloniert und in Oozyten exprimiert. Die Expression sowie Struktur- und Funktionsstudien haben viele Informationen über die Biophysik und die Regulation dieses Kanals gebracht. Dennoch ist bisher wenig über die für den Transport zur apikalen Membran von Epithelzellen verantwortlichen Mechanismen des Kanals bekannt. Der C- Terminus von ROMK ist aufgrund einer sehr hohen Homologie zu einem PDZ-Motiv ein möglicher Teilnehmer an Protein- Protein Interaktionen. In einem Hefe-zwei-Hybrid Screen wurden verschiedene mögliche Interaktionspartner gefunden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde versucht, die Interaktion zwischen einigen im Hefe-System gefundenen Proteinen und dem Kanalprotein zu identifizieren, verifizieren und charakterisieren. In dem in vitro HIS- Pulldown Assay konnten die im Hefe-zwei-Hybrid System gefundenen Interaktionen zwischen ROMK und HEF1, Antiquitin1 sowie Calponin2 bestätigt werden. Ebenso war es möglich, durch Kolokalisationsstudien mittels indirekter Immunfluoreszenz weitere Anhaltspunkte für eine mögliche Interaktion von ROMK und Antiquitin1, Calponin2, Shank und ArgBP2 zu liefern. Diese Ergebnisse legen die Vermutung nahe, dass die gefundenen Interaktionspartner zum einen für den Einbau und die Stabilität von ROMK in der Membran zuständig sein und zum anderen durch Verbindung zu möglichen Signalkomplexen, z.B. durch ArgBP2, ein Rolle in der Aktivitätssteuerung von ROMK spielen könnten

Diabetes-associated nephropathy and obesity influence COVID-19 outcome in type 2 diabetes patients

Coronavirus disease 2019 has rapidly spread around the globe and various comorbidities, such as diabetes have been recognized as risk factors for an unfavorable outcome. We analyzed a cohort of COVID-19 patients (n = 75) treated at a German community hospital. With a focus on diabetes mellitus, we evaluated the impact of distinct comorbidities on the COVID-19 disease course. The duration of hospital stay was prolonged if diabetes was present. An older age was associated with a poor outcome. The percentage of non-survivors increased in the presence of congestive heart failure or chronic kidney disease. In the group of diabetes patients, mortality was increased if any organ complication was present and diabetic nephropathy or the combination of obesity plus diabetes were by far the most important risk factors. Taken together, an older age, congestive heart failure, and chronic kidney disease significantly influenced COVID-19 disease course and survival. Diabetic nephropathy or the combination of obesity plus diabetes had the strongest impact on patients’ outcome

Diffusion- and Perfusion-Weighted Imaging in Acute Lacunar Infarction: Is There a Mismatch?

PURPOSE:Characterization of lacunar infarction (LI) by use of multimodal MRI including diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging (DWI, PWI) is difficult because of the small lesion size. Only a few studies evaluated PWI in LI and the results are inconsistent. METHODS:In 16 LI patients who underwent initial MRI within 6 hours after symptom onset and follow-up MRI within 1 week demographics, clinical presentation, and MRI findings were analyzed with special emphasis on DWI and PWI findings. Time to peak maps were classified as showing a normal perfusion pattern or areas of hypoperfusion which were further categorized in mismatch (PWI>DWI), inverse mismatch (PWI<DWI), and match (PWI=DWI). Quantitative perfusion maps were generated and analyzed by use of Signal Processing in NMR-Software (SPIN). RESULTS:Of the 16 patients (mean age 65.5±12.9 years), 14 (87.5%) were male. Clinical symptoms comprised dysarthria (50%), hemiparesis (81.3%), and hemihypaesthesia (18.8%). Intravenous thrombolysis was performed in 7 (43.8%) patients. Clinical improvement was observed in 12 patients (75 %), while 2 (12.5%) patients showed a deterioration and another 2 (12.5%) a stable course. Acute ischemic lesions (mean volume of 0.46±0.29 cm³) were located in the thalamus (n=8, 50%), internal capsule (n=4, 25%), corona Radiata (n=3, 18.8%) and the mesencephalon (n=1, 6.3%). Circumscribed hypoperfusion (mean volume 0.61±0.48 cm³) was evident in 10 (62.5%) patients. Of these, 3 patients demonstrated a match, 4 an inverse mismatch, and 3 a mismatch between DWI and PWI lesion. Mean CBF and CBV ratios were 0.65±0.28 and 0.84±0.41 respectively. Growth of DWI lesions was observed in 7 (43.8%) and reversal of DWI lesions in 3 (18.8%) patients. CONCLUSIONS:MRI allows identification of different DWI and PWI patterns in LI, including growth and reversal of ischemic lesions. Consequently, it may serve for a better characterization of this stroke subtype and support treatment decisions in daily clinical practice

Biologically based design of an actuator system for a knee–ankle–foot orthosis

Knee–ankle–foot orthosis are systems used to restore human gait, providing stability during stance phase. A concept of actuator for knee–ankle–foot orthosis was developed based on biomechanical data. The actuator is conceived to provide mechanical means to reproduce the normal kinematics during human gait at joint level. Behaviour of the joints of the lower limb was approximated by elastic means and an actuator for each joint was designed and constructed. The rationale of the design process is presented, considering the functional aspects and aiming at a lightweight solution with low power demand. Tests performed with one patient suffering from post-poliomyelitis syndrome are presented and evidence of functional compensation during stance and swing phases with the proposed solution is given.The work presented in this paper has been partially funded through Grant IST-2001-37751 of the European Commission. The authors thank Ossur hf and Roessingh Research and Development for their contributions in materials and experimentation. The work presented in this paper has been partially funded by the European Commission.Peer reviewe

Three examples of perfusion patterns in acute lacunar infarction.

<p>Mismatch (1), inverse mismatch (2), and match (3) between diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted images (DWI, PWI). DWI (a) shows the initial ischemic lesion (white arrow). PWI derived maps demonstrate the perfusion deficit: time to peak (b), cerebral blood flow (c), and cerebral blood volume (d). Follow-up DWI (e) and FLAIR (f) show the ischemic lesion (white arrow). Note that case 2 is also an example of lesion reversal after intravenous thrombolysis.</p

Study of hydrated phases present in calcined paper sludge (metakaolinite)/saturated CaO dissolution system cured at 40 °C and 28 days of reaction

[EN] The present research is a part of an experimental study about obtaining recycled metakaolinite from a Spanish paper sludge waste as complementary cementing material. The mineral phases formation from paper sludge calcined at different temperatures (700, 750 and 800 °C) and two times of stay in the furnace (2 and 5 h) mixed with saturated lime dissolution are obtained mineral phases: C-S-H gel, stratlingite, tobermorite, hydrotalcite. The C-S-H gels generated in the first stages lose crystallinity and filled the existing holes between stratlingite and hydrotalcite. The different mineral evolves according to their stability fields toward crystalline aggregates more compact where the gels fill hollow.Peer reviewe

Liver variationes.

<p><b>A–C</b> are comparable coronal sections of the murine liver illustrating the variability of the size of the papillary process of the caudate lobe. <b>D</b> shows transdiaphragmatic herniation of parts of the right medial liver lobe, which we incidentally discovered during our studies.</p